Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN)
By Prof. Seungchul Lee
http://iai.postech.ac.kr/
Industrial AI Lab at POSTECH
http://iai.postech.ac.kr/
Industrial AI Lab at POSTECH
Table of Contents
Source
- 1시간만에 GAN(Generative Adversarial Network) 완전 정복하기
- by 최윤제 (고려대 석사생)
- YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odpjk7_tGY0
- Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/NaverEngineering/1-gangenerative-adversarial-network
- CSC321 Lecture 19: GAN
- By Prof. Roger Grosse at Univ. of Toronto
- http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rgrosse/courses/csc321_2018/
- CS231n: CNN for Visual Recognition
- Lecture 13: Generative Models
- By Prof. Fei-Fei Li at Stanford University
- http://cs231n.stanford.edu/
2. Density Function Estimation¶
- Probability
- What if $x$ is actual images in the training data? At this point, $x$ can be represented as a (for example) $64\times 64 \times 3$ dimensional vector.
- the following images are some realizations (samples) of $64\times 64 \times 3$ dimensional space
- Probability density function estimation problem
If $P_{\text{model}}(x)$ can be estimated as close to $P_{\text{data}}(x)$, then data can be generated by sampling from $P_{\text{model}}(x)$.
- Note: Kullback–Leibler Divergence is a kind of distance measure between two distributions
- Learn determinstic transformation via a neural network
- Start by sampling the code vector $z$ from a simple, fixed distribution such as a uniform distribution or a standard Gaussian $\mathcal{N}(0,I)$
- Then this code vector is passed as input to a deterministic generator network $G$, which produces an output sample $x=G(z)$
- This is how a neural network plays in a generative model (as a nonlinear mapping to a target probability density function)
- An example of a generator network which encodes a univariate distribution with two different modes
- Generative model of high dimensional space
- Generative model of images
- learn a function which maps independent, normally-distributed $z$ values to whatever latent variables might be needed to the model, and then map those latent variables to $x$ (as images)
- first few layers to map the normally distributed $z$ to the latent values
- then, use later layers to map those latent values to an image
3. Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN)¶
In generative modeling, we'd like to train a network that models a distribution, such as a distribution over images.
GANs do not work with any explicit density function !
Instead, take game-theoretic approach
3.1. Adversarial Nets Framework¶
One way to judge the quality of the model is to sample from it.
Model to produce samples which are indistinguishable from the real data, as judged by a discriminator network whose job is to tell real from fake
- The idea behind Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): train two different networks
- Discriminator network: try to distinguish between real and fake data
- Generator network: try to produce realistic-looking samples to fool the discriminator network
3.2. Objective Function of GAN¶
- Think about a logistic regression classifier (or cross entropy loss $(h(x),y)$)
$$\text{loss} = -y \log h(x) - (1-y) \log (1-h(x))$$
- To train the discriminator
- To train the generator
Non-Saturating Game when the generator is trained
- Early in learning, when $G$ is poor, $D$ can reject samples with high confidence because they are clearly different from the training data. In this case, $\log(1-D(G(z)))$ saturates.
- Rather than training $G$ to minimize $\log(1-D(G(z)))$ we can train $G$ to maximize $\log D(G(z))$. This objective function provides much stronger gradients early in learning.
- Early in learning, when $G$ is poor, $D$ can reject samples with high confidence because they are clearly different from the training data. In this case, $\log(1-D(G(z)))$ saturates.
3.3. Soving a MinMax Problem¶
Step 1: Fix $G$ and perform a gradient step to
Step 2: Fix $D$ and perform a gradient step to
$$\max_{G} E_{x \sim p_{z}(z)}\left[\log D(G(z))\right]$$
OR
Step 1: Fix $G$ and perform a gradient step to
$$\min_{D} E_{x \sim p_{\text{data}}(x)}\left[-\log D(x)\right] + E_{x \sim p_{z}(z)}\left[-\log (1-D(G(z)))\right]$$
Step 2: Fix $D$ and perform a gradient step to
$$\min_{G} E_{x \sim p_{z}(z)}\left[-\log D(G(z))\right]$$
In [1]:
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
In [2]:
mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist
(train_x, train_y), _ = mnist.load_data()
train_x = train_x[np.where(train_y == 2)]
train_x= train_x/255.0
train_x = train_x.reshape(-1, 784)
print('train_iamges :', train_x.shape)
In [3]:
generator = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Dense(units = 256, input_dim = 100, activation = 'relu'),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(units = 784, activation = 'sigmoid')
])
In [4]:
discriminator = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Dense(units = 256, input_dim = 784, activation = 'relu'),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(units = 1, activation = 'sigmoid'),
])
In [5]:
discriminator.compile(optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate = 0.0001),
loss = 'binary_crossentropy')
In [6]:
combined_input = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape = (100,))
generated = generator(combined_input)
discriminator.trainable = False
combined_output = discriminator(generated)
combined = tf.keras.models.Model(inputs = combined_input, outputs = combined_output)
In [7]:
combined.compile(optimizer = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate = 0.0002),
loss = 'binary_crossentropy')
In [8]:
def make_noise(samples):
return np.random.normal(0, 1, [samples, 100])
In [9]:
def plot_generated_images(generator, samples = 3):
noise = make_noise(samples)
generated_images = generator.predict(noise)
generated_images = generated_images.reshape(samples, 28, 28)
for i in range(samples):
plt.subplot(1, samples, i+1)
plt.imshow(generated_images[i], 'gray', interpolation = 'nearest')
plt.axis('off')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
Step 1: Fix $G$ and perform a gradient step to
$$\min_{D} E_{x \sim p_{\text{data}}(x)}\left[-\log D(x)\right] + E_{x \sim p_{z}(z)}\left[-\log (1-D(G(z)))\right]$$Step 2: Fix $D$ and perform a gradient step to
$$\min_{G} E_{x \sim p_{z}(z)}\left[-\log D(G(z))\right]$$In [10]:
n_iter = 20000
batch_size = 100
fake = np.zeros(batch_size)
real = np.ones(batch_size)
for i in range(n_iter):
# Train Discriminator
noise = make_noise(batch_size)
generated_images = generator.predict(noise)
idx = np.random.randint(0, train_x.shape[0], batch_size)
real_images = train_x[idx]
D_loss_real = discriminator.train_on_batch(real_images, real)
D_loss_fake = discriminator.train_on_batch(generated_images, fake)
D_loss = D_loss_real + D_loss_fake
# Train Generator
noise = make_noise(batch_size)
G_loss = combined.train_on_batch(noise, real)
if i % 5000 == 0:
print('Discriminator Loss: ', D_loss)
print('Generator Loss: ', G_loss)
plot_generated_images(generator)
In [11]:
plot_generated_images(generator)
5. Conditional GAN¶
- In an unconditioned generative model, there is no control on modes of the data being generated.
- In the Conditional GAN (CGAN), the generator learns to generate a fake sample with a specific condition or characteristics (such as a label associated with an image or more detailed tag) rather than a generic sample from unknown noise distribution.
- Simple modification to the original GAN framework that conditions the model on additional information for better multi-modal learning
- Many practical applications of GANs when we have explicit supervision available
In [12]:
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
In [13]:
mnist = tf.keras.datasets.mnist
(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()
x_train, x_test = x_train/255.0 , x_test/255.0
x_train, x_test = x_train.reshape(-1,784), x_test.reshape(-1,784)
y_train, y_test = y_train.reshape(-1, 1), y_test.reshape(-1, 1)
print('x_train: ', x_train.shape)
print('x_test: ', x_test.shape)
print('y_train: ', y_train.shape)
print('y_test: ', y_test.shape)
In [14]:
generator_model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Dense(units = 256, input_dim = 138, activation = 'relu'),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(units = 784, activation = 'sigmoid')
])
noise = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape = (128,))
label = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape = (1,))
label_onehot = tf.keras.layers.CategoryEncoding(10, output_mode='one_hot')(label)
model_input = tf.keras.layers.concatenate([noise, label_onehot], axis = 1)
generated_image = generator_model(model_input)
generator = tf.keras.models.Model([noise, label], generated_image)
In [15]:
generator.summary()
In [16]:
discriminator_model = tf.keras.models.Sequential([
tf.keras.layers.Dense(units = 256,input_dim = 794, activation = 'relu'),
tf.keras.layers.Dense(units = 1, activation = 'sigmoid')
])
input_image = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape = (784,))
label = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape = (1,))
label_onehot = tf.keras.layers.CategoryEncoding(10, output_mode='one_hot')(label)
model_input = tf.keras.layers.concatenate([input_image, label_onehot], axis = 1)
validity = discriminator_model(model_input)
discriminator = tf.keras.models.Model([input_image, label], validity)
In [17]:
optim_d = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate = 0.0002)
In [18]:
discriminator.compile(loss = ['binary_crossentropy'],
optimizer = optim_d)
In [19]:
discriminator.summary()
In [20]:
noise = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape = (128,))
label = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape = (1,))
generated_image = generator([noise, label])
discriminator.trainable = False
validity = discriminator([generated_image, label])
combined = tf.keras.models.Model([noise, label], validity)
In [21]:
optim_combined = tf.keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate = 0.0002)
In [22]:
combined.compile(loss = ['binary_crossentropy'],
optimizer = optim_combined)
In [23]:
combined.summary()
In [24]:
def create_noise(samples):
return np.random.normal(0, 1, [samples, 128])
In [25]:
def plot_generated_images(generator):
noise = create_noise(10)
label = np.arange(0, 10).reshape(-1, 1)
generated_images = generator.predict([noise, label])
plt.figure(figsize = (90, 10))
for i in range(generated_images.shape[0]):
plt.subplot(1, 10, i + 1)
plt.imshow(generated_images[i].reshape((28, 28)), 'gray', interpolation = 'nearest')
plt.title('Digit: {}'.format(i), fontsize = 75)
plt.axis('off')
plt.show()
In [26]:
n_iter = 100000
batch_size = 100
valid = np.ones(batch_size)
fake = np.zeros(batch_size)
for i in range(n_iter):
# Train Discriminator
idx = np.random.randint(0, x_train.shape[0], batch_size)
real_images, labels = x_train[idx], y_train[idx]
noise = create_noise(batch_size)
generated_images = generator.predict([noise,labels])
d_loss_real = discriminator.train_on_batch([real_images, labels], valid)
d_loss_fake = discriminator.train_on_batch([generated_images, labels], fake)
d_loss = d_loss_real + d_loss_fake
# Train Generator
noise= create_noise(batch_size)
labels = np.random.randint(0, 10, batch_size).reshape(-1, 1)
g_loss = combined.train_on_batch([noise, labels], valid)
if i % 5000 == 0:
print('Discriminator Loss: ', d_loss)
print('Generator Loss: ', g_loss)
plot_generated_images(generator)
Generate fake MNIST images by CGAN
In [27]:
plot_generated_images(generator)
6. Other Tutorials¶
Ian Goodfellow, et al., "Generative Adversarial Nets" NIPS, 2014.
At NIPS 2016 by Ian Goodfellow
In [28]:
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- CS231n: CNN for Visual Recognition
- Lecture 13: Generative Models
- By Prof. Fei-Fei Li at Stanford University
- http://cs231n.stanford.edu/
In [29]:
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<center><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/5WoItGTWV54?rel=0"
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MIT by Aaron Courville
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Univ. of Wateloo By Ali Ghodsi
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- 1시간만에 GAN (Generative Adversarial Network) 완전 정복하기
- by 최윤제 (고려대 석사생)
- YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odpjk7_tGY0
- Slides: https://www.slideshare.net/NaverEngineering/1-gangenerative-adversarial-network
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<center><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/odpjk7_tGY0?rel=0"
width="560" height="315" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></center>
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